endurance sport
Grand-tour cycling is a recovery sport. Whoever recovers fastest between stages wins.
Research use only. Many compounds referenced are prohibited by WADA/USADA and sport-governing bodies. Athletes in any testing pool should consult their governing body and physician before any in-vivo use.
Download the Cycling Coach Playbook (PDF)
Training phases, recovery guidance, peptide intel & study-linked bibliography.
Physiological demands
Common injuries
Coach focus
Athlete focus
Recovery research model
MOTS-c is the central peptide of interest in metabolic / mitochondrial research relevant to endurance cycling. Soft tissue and skin recovery research support post-crash and post-stage repair.
Performance window
Base — aerobic + mitochondrial. Build — threshold. Race — recovery + repair.
The peptides most frequently cited in cycling-relevant recovery and performance research literature.
Mitochondrial-derived peptide studied for metabolic and exercise capacity.
Researched in glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity and aerobic capacity models. Of high interest to endurance athletes from a research perspective.
Anti-doping: WADA explicitly added MOTS-c-class mitochondrial peptides to the prohibited list under S2.
Pentadecapeptide derived from a gastric protein, studied for soft-tissue repair.
Researched in tendon, ligament, gut and muscle repair models. Common in protocols studied for Tommy John–type elbow injury, hamstring strain and Achilles tendinopathy.
Anti-doping: Prohibited by WADA at all times (S0 non-approved substances). All testing pools must avoid in-vivo use.
Copper-binding tripeptide studied for skin, hair and connective tissue repair.
Researched in dermal repair, collagen synthesis and antioxidant models. Relevant to skin trauma, road rash and surgical scar research.
Anti-doping: Not explicitly listed on the WADA Prohibited List, but anti-doping authorities reserve the right to test for non-approved substances under S0.
Synthetic fragment of thymosin β-4, studied for actin regulation and tissue repair.
Studied in models of tendon, ligament, dermal and cardiac tissue repair. Frequently paired with BPC-157 in animal repair literature.
Anti-doping: Prohibited by WADA (S2 peptide hormones / growth factors).
GHRH analog + ghrelin-mimetic studied for pulsatile GH secretion.
Research-grade GH secretagogue blend studied in lean mass, sleep and recovery models.
Anti-doping: Both prohibited by WADA at all times (S2 peptide hormones, GH releasing factors).
Journal of Applied Physiology · 2011
Chang CH et al.
Animal model showed BPC-157 accelerated Achilles tendon-to-bone healing and improved tendon outgrowth.
doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00115.2011Nature · 2004
Bock-Marquette I et al.
Foundational study showing TB-4 promotes cell migration and cardiac repair — basis for athletic repair research.
doi.org/10.1038/nature03000Cell Metabolism · 2015
Lee C et al.
MOTS-c improved metabolic flexibility and exercise capacity in mouse models — central reference for endurance research interest.
doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2015.02.009International Journal of Molecular Sciences · 2018
Pickart L, Margolina A
Review of GHK-Cu's role in collagen synthesis, wound healing and anti-inflammatory pathways relevant to athletes.
doi.org/10.3390/ijms19071987Annals of Internal Medicine · 2010
Meinhardt U et al.
Showed measurable changes in body composition and sprint capacity following GH administration in recreational athletes — context for GH-axis peptide research.
doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-152-9-201005040-00005Neural Regeneration Research · 2022
Sikiric P et al.
Comprehensive review of BPC-157's CNS and peripheral repair signaling — basis for soft-tissue research relevant to nearly every sport.
doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.314287HPLC-verified peptides with a downloadable Certificate of Analysis. For laboratory research only — not for human or athletic use.